the routing
THE ROUTING AND PATHWAY PROVIDERS OF IP RESOURCES
Welcome to Layer 4: The Routers. This layer focuses on the routing mechanisms that direct internet traffic. At Listcrime.com, we highlight the importance of secure routing protocols and the vulnerabilities that can be exploited by cybercriminals. Learn how the routing providers play an important part in safeguarding your network infrastructure and ensuring the integrity of your data as it traverses the digital landscape.
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The Routing and Pathway Providers of IP Resources
THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF INTERNET PROTOCOL RESOURCES
Infrastructure Layer (The Backbone)
The Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4, Infrastructure is defined as a place where all systems that enable connectivity and operability of physical facilities of providers of internet services such as cloud, Intranet backbone, DNS, content delivery networks, hosting, software defined networks and other systems that reflect the internet’s constantly evolving ecosystem. The Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 builds and maintains the fiber optic cable and core routers (principal data routers) that make up the internet. The physical connections come together at Internet Exchange Points (IXP), a physical and usually neutral location where different IP networks meet to exchange local traffic via a switch, where regional ISPs can connect to the routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 backbone. These locations are also called peering points (where IXPs allow networks to interconnect directly)Submarine & Terrestrial Cables Wireless Systems Satellite Internet Exchange Points (IPX)
XP or peering point is a physical infrastructure through which The Data Routing/Pathway Providers of IP Resources, Layer 4 the Infrastructure, ISPs and Content Delivery networks (CDN) exchange internet traffic between their networks (Autonomous Systems (ASN). Different organizations/networks come together to peer and exchange traffic.
The Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 focuses on the network infrastructure, the physical routing of Internet Protocol resources. The internet runs on a complex global communications ecosystem that is comprised of numerous systems (ASNs), each of which is extraordinarily complex, and highly interdependent on all the others. The Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 is a vast collection of connected computer networks that are generally hosted by commercial, government, academic, and other network access points. These organizations typically have control over large high-speed networks and fiber optic trunk lines, which are essentially an assortment fiber optic cables bundled together to increase capacity.
The Distributors of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 3, the Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 and the ISP & Network Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, last mile, Layer 5, are closely aligned with the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace (GCSC) definition of “the public core of the Internet”, which includes such critical elements of the infrastructure of the Internet as packet routing and forwarding, naming and numbering systems, the cryptographic mechanisms of security and identity, transmission media, software, and data centers.
The Providers of Routing and Pathways for IP Resources
The largest backbone providers are called Tier 1 providers. These providers are not limited to country or region and have vast networks that connect countries across the world. Some Tier 1 backbone providers are also ISP/Network provider (last mile) themselves and due to their size, these organizations sell their services to smaller ISPs. An example of some of the major Pathway/Routing providers include, AT&T, CenturyLink, China Telecom, Cogent, Deutsche Telekom, NTT, Orange, Sprint, Tata and Verizon Business. The primary customers for these pathway/routing providers are generally smaller Tier 2 and Tier 3 routing/pathway providers like the ISP & Network Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, last mile, Layer 5 who connect primarily to Tier 1 the Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources Layer 4 for delivery of their customers Internet protocol packets destined for ISP’s outside of their footprint. The Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 announce, control, modify the routing of addresses and domains route of data.
The Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 consist primarily of Tier1, Tier 2 & some Tier 3 ISPs, Telco pathway/routing providers and Autonomous Systems (AS). These pathway/routing providers are companies that own, operate, and sell access to the internet’s backbone infrastructure and services. The binding element of the cyber ecosystem of Internet protocol resources is that networks (ASNs) share a common IP addressing (packet travel) system and global Border Gateway Protocol, which is the routing framework that allows all these ASN networks to interconnect with each other directly or indirectly.
The Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 providers route all traffic using the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet.
The ISP & Network Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, last mile, Layer 5 Tier3 companies can purchase wholesale bandwidth from an upstream Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 which provides connectivity for their customers. Customers or the users of Internet Protocol Resources Layer 6 then access the network through their ISP & Network Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, last mile, Layer 5 who are responsible for their own network, marketing and sales of services that are sold to the Users of Internet Protocols Resources, Layer 6.