THE network layer
THE INTERNET & NETWORK PROVIDERS OF IP RESOURCES
Welcome to Layer 5: The Network. This layer examines the network infrastructure that underpins the internet. At Listcrime.com, we provide insights into how the last mile service providers (your ISPs) play such a critical role in network security, including the identification and mitigation of threats that target network components. Strengthen your network defenses by understanding the critical role this layer plays in the overall cybersecurity ecosystem. The global Internet is a collection of separate, but interconnected networks, each of which is managed as a single administrative domain called an Autonomous Systems (AS). There are over sixty thousand AS numbers (ASNs) assigned to a wide variety of companies, educational, non- profit and government entities. The AS networks that form the primary transport for the Internet are independently controlled by Internet Service Providers (ISPs), each with its own business policies, internal network topologies, services, and customer profiles.
The binding glue of the Internet is that all AS share a standard Internet Protocol (IP) addressing scheme and global Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing framework that allows all these networks to interconnect with each other directly or indirectly, it’s a routing protocol that the internet would not be able to function without it. ISPs provide transport of Internet traffic on behalf of other ISPs, companies or other non-ISP organizations, and individuals. ISPs are classified into a 3-tier model that categorizes them based on the type of Internet services they provide.
The Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 carrier (usually Tier 1 & Tier 2) provides transport facilities, telecommunications services and equipment providers and ISP & Network Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, last mile, Layer 5 (usually Tier 3) service provider, which offers some forms of telecommunications, internet and cloud-based hosting and infrastructure service.
The most important point to understand in the section is that the Stakeholder of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 2, the Distributors of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 3, the Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 and ISP & Network Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, last mile, Layer 5 all act together synchronously to provide you access to the internet through your home router or business access gateway.
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LAST MILE SERVICES (YOUR LOCAL INTERNET PROVIDER)
The of IP Resources Distributors explained
The ISP & Network Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, last mile, Layer 5 is primarily engaged in delivering Internet access to the Users of Internet Protocols Resources Layer 6 and focuses on local business and consumer market conditions. They provide the “on-ramp” or local access to the Internet for the Users of Internet Protocols Resources, Layer 6, through cable, DSL, fiber, satellite or wireless access networks.
Their coverage is limited to specific countries or sub regions, such as a metro area. Tier 3 ISPs ISP & Network Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, last mile, Layer 5 utilize and pay higher-tier ISPs or the Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 for access to the rest of the Internet. The ISP & Network Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, last mile, Layer 5 are responsible for their own network services, marketing, sales and provide host of other services such as cloud-based, Domain names, DNS, VOIP, and web hosting services, that are sold and resold at times in a wholesale manner to the end customer or the Users of Internet Protocols Resources, Layer 6. services.
Rapid change, disruption, and convergence have changed the traditional landscape of TIER 1, TIER 2 and TIER 3 providers, from basic telecommunications to information and communications technology (ICT), communication service providers, digital service enablers, and now a variety of subcategories and widely accepted businesses.
The ISP & Network Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, last mile, Layer 5 now have a blurred portfolio of services such as hardware, software, application, network, edge computing, VOIP, data, security, cloud, telecom, backhaul tech sectors (mobile devices are now a common endpoint) and Internet/Web and The ISP & play an active part in a diverse ecosystem of technology suppliers, vertical domain experts and channel partners, beyond just connectivity.
Last Mile Services: Connecting You to the World.
There is also a wholesale reseller market of internet service providers that offer services on a wholesale basis with the intent of reselling their purchased “capacity” on the retail market to businesses and consumers. Unfortunately the use of this ubiquities infrastructure allows the Abusers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 7 to stage, launch, and execute malicious attacks and cyber threat operations. The blurred portfolio of service offerings, use of re-sellable services and a lack of accountability and transparency help the Abusers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 7 blend in with legitimate traffic that is seen as normal.
To add to the anonymity due to improper tracking and vetting, is the globalization of the infrastructure, with each region having different interests, policies, geo location laws, legal barriers, Bulletproof Hosting Servers (BPHS) and so on. BPHS refers to a type of hosting or hosting provider that earns its money by consciously accepting perpetrators or the Abusers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 7, of crime as part of its clientele, offering them technical infrastructure resilient to law enforcement disruption or takedown.
Carrier Grade Network Address Translation (CGNAT), also a major challenge, is a technology for remapping one IP address space into another, permitting the sharing of small pools of public addresses among many end sites. Also called large- scale NAT (LSNAT), it is a technology that allows the NAT functionality (your IP public address) to occur within the carrier’s network rather than at the customer premises equipment. With literally thousands of ASNs, true remediation on resolving the source of the attack and how to separate malicious traffic from legitimate traffic.(See: the Challenges of IP Resources, Layer 1)