THE DISTRIBUTORS
THE DISTRIBUTORS OF INTERNET PROTOCOL SERVICES
Welcome to Layer 3: The Distributors. This layer explores the distribution channels of Internet Protocol resources and the cyber threats and defenses around them. At Listcrime.com, we delve into how cyber threats are propagated and the mechanisms in place to distribute countermeasures. Understanding these distribution networks is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate risks and enhance cybersecurity.
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Empowering Connectivity: The Backbone of Internet Protocol Services
The Cyber Ecosystem of Internet Protocol Resources attempts to provide a more holistic and unified view to our approach cybercrime and cybersecurity. The map attempts to highlight a variety of different levels of people, processes, technology and physical services that make up our cyber ecosystem, so that we can start to view the internet and its borderless security problems more broadly.
The cyber ecosystem touches nearly every aspect of our daily lives from political, social, to economical, all heavily dependent on technology. The challenges of the digital environment are different than those of the physical world due to distance, proximity, and anonymity, so therefore the rules and typical models for addressing these challenges simply do not work. We are in a battle of defending against a cyber threat that is governed differently in regions around the globe. As we look at the wide range of challenges to cyber security, we must also stay mindful that technology has unintended consequences and that it can be used for good and bad, and at times we struggle to define the difference.
Regardless of anyone’s views, my hope is that this discussion, the Cyber Ecosystem of Internet Protocol Resources, and our common conviction (to addressing this problem of cyber security) can help lead to a more successful conclusion on how to get there. The Internet is borderless, its security problems are borderless, therefore, any solution must be borderless.
- IP Resources: are described as applications, devices, networks and number resources such as autonomous system numbers and ip addresses used for routing internet traffic.
the Cyber Ecosystem, The of IP Resources Distributors explained
The purpose of this website, The Cyber Ecosystem of Internet Protocol Resources is to bring a holistic unified view into our approach to cyber security. This website highlights the different levels of people, processes, technology and physical services that make up our cyber ecosystem, so that we can start to view the internet and its borderless security problems more broadly. Now that we have highlighted the Challenges of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 1 and Stakeholders of Internet Protocol Resources, Layers 2 of the (10) different layers of the cyber ecosystem, we can now focus on the importance of the process of managing and distributing Internet protocol resources, the Distributors of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 3.
The Internet is called a network of networks, Autonomous System Number (ASN) a distributed system of networks made up of numerous ISPs, universities, government agencies, companies, and other standalone networks. These ASNs are linked together in what is called peering relationships (a voluntary interconnection for the exchanging of internet traffic). ASNs enforce (utilize) the BGP protocol (which is the routing framework that allows all these networks to interconnect with each other directly or indirectly) at their edges (peering point), however internally they are managed by their own administrator.
Unlike the Stakeholders of Internet Protocol Resources, Layers 2, who perform, facilitate, provide governance, policy and oversees the allocation of IP addresses and ASN, the Distributors of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 3 manages and distributes (allocates) IP resources to the ISP & Network Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, last mile, Layer 5, who in turn can be customers, owners, resellers, or the Users of Internet Protocols Resources, Layer 6 themselves. The Distributors of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 3 are managed by the Numbers Resource Organization (NRO), the coordinating body/mechanism of the five (5) Regional Internet Registrars (RIR) who oversee and manage the allocation and registration of IP Addresses and ASN address space for their region.
The (5) Five Distributors of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 3, RIRs and the regions they cover
AFRINIC | Africa and the Indian Ocean |
APNIC | Asia and Oceania |
LACNIC | Latin America and the Caribbean |
ARIN | Canada, United States, and parts of the Caribbean |
RIPE NCC | Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia |
Decoding the Cyber Ecosystem: Unveiling the Role of IP Resource Distributors
The Distributors of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 3 focus on the allocation (giving out) & assignment of IP resources & Domain Name Systems (DNS). They give out (allocate, register, and manage) IP resources such as blocks of IP addresses (also known as IP4 & IP6 Prefixes) to ASNs. (see: WHOIS lookup.icann.org)
The Distributors of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 3, the Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4 and the ISP & Network Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, last mile, Layer 5, are closely aligned with the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace (GCSC) definition of “the public core of the Internet”, which includes such critical elements of the infrastructure of the Internet as packet routing and forwarding, naming and numbering systems, the cryptographic mechanisms of security and identity, transmission media, software, and data centers.
Each RIR is a non-for-profit, member-based organization governed by open and transparent processes developed by the community in a bottom-up manner. The RIRs are responsible for the regional management of Internet number resources, Local Internet Registry (LIR) directly allocate to local Internet Service Providers, while local Internet Service Providers reassign and reallocate Internet Protocol Resources to the Users of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 6.
Distribution Explained
They provide your Authoritative and Recursive DNS pathway (route or transportation of packets/ data in the internet).
- They perform the allocation, assignment of IP resources for the Domain Name Systems (DNS)
- The Number Resource Organization (NRO) represents all 5 Regional Internet Registries (RIR). The NRO was formed to protect the unallocated number resource pool, to promote and protect the bottom-up policy development process and act as a focal point for Internet community input into the RIR System.
- Each RIR maintains a regional-specific WHOIS database that contains information about organizations that hold the resources, where the allocations were made, and contact details for their network (prior to GDPR- this was publicly accessible).
- Each RIR maintains a regional-specific WHOIS database that contains information about organizations that hold the resources, where the allocations were made, and contact details for their network (prior to GDPR- this was publicly accessible).
- RIRs receive address space in large IP blocks from IANA or Stakeholders of Internet Protocol Resources, Layers 2 and allocate smaller blocks to organizations in their regions.
- RIRs delegated reverse maps/delegation authority and manage reverse DNS resolution
- RIRs oversee the registration internet number resources (IP4, IP6 & AS numbers).
Understanding the Role of IP Resource Distributors
The Distributors of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 3 are managed by the Numbers Resource Organization (NRO), the coordinating body/mechanism of the five (5) Regional Internet Registrars (RIR) who oversee and manage the allocation and registration of IP Addresses and ASN address space for their region.
AFRINIC | Africa and the Indian Ocean |
APNIC | Asia and Oceania |
LACNIC | Latin America and the Caribbean |
ARIN | Canada, United States, and parts of the Caribbean |
RIPE NCC | Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia |
“It’s important to note that there are two distinct and critical databases that maintain information on the allocated resources and pathway (how information is exchanged) these resources utilize, the Internet Number Registry (INR) and an Internet Routing Registry (IRR).” The Internet Number Registry (INR) is a Database maintained by RIR or Stakeholders of Internet Protocol Resources, Layers 2. The Internet Numbers Registry Database: A registry that allocates internet number resources, holds, and publishes details. BGP Hijacking is when a router (ASN) improperly advertises itself as having the most efficient route to a victim network. These hijacks can be malicious or inadvertent, however, the effects are the same, network packets are routed to incorrect destinations.
RIRS - IP Address & Autonomous System Numbers (ASN’s)
The Internet Routing Registry (IRR) are Databases maintained ISPs or The Routing/Pathway Providers of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 4, Internet Routing Registry Databases: Globally maintained and submitted by ISPs about AS and routing Pre- fixes. Local routing can be administered from within an enterprise, but when a user needs to access a host outside of the enterprise, the enterprise’s internal routing tables direct that network traffic to exterior or backbone routers running BGP. These routers advertise routing tables to the ASs they serve (See: Routing Assets Database). The Distributors of Internet Protocol Resources, Layer 3